ADJECTIVE and ADVERBS

Ø  ADJEKTIVE adalah suatu kata yang menerangkan noun (kata benda) atau pronoun (kata ganti).

a. Noun (kata benda)

     - The class is good                    =  kelas itu bagus  (good menerangkan clausa)

     - My books are thick                =  buku saya tebal (thick menerangkan book)

     - This is big building                 =  ini adalah sebuah gedung yang besar ( big menerangkan building)

b. Pronoun (kata ganti)

   - he is clever                                     =  ia pandai  (clever  menerangkan he)

   - she is beatiful                               =  ia cantik  (beautiful menerangkan she)

   - they are diligent                          =  mereka rajin  (diligent menerangkan   they)

Ø  ADVERB   adalah suatu kata yang menerangkan verb ,adjective, adverb yang lain atau seluruh kalimat

a. verb (kata kerja)

- he is working hard        = ia bekerja keras    (hard  menerangkan  working)

- the train run quickly     =  kereta api cepat larinya (quickly    menerangkan  runs)

- she spaks loudly            = ia berbicara keras  (loudly     menerangkan   speaks)

The Difference between Adjectives and Adverbs

The Basic Rules: Adjectives

Adjectives modify nouns. To modify means to change in some way. By modifying, adjectives give more detail about the noun. For example:

ü  "I ate a meal." Meal is a noun. The reader does not know what kind of meal this is, leaving a lot of room open for interpretation.

ü  "I ate an enormous meal." Meal is a noun, and enormous is an adjective that modifies it. It tells us what kind of meal the person ate. By using adjectives, the writer gives the reader a better understanding of the noun.

Adjectives clarify the noun by answering one of the following different questions: "What kind?" or "Which?" or "How many?" For example:

ü  "The tall girl is riding her bike." Tall tells the reader which girl the writer is talking about.

ü  “Our old van needs to be replaced soon.” Old tells the reader what kind of van the writer is describing.

ü  "The tough professor gave us the final exam." Tough tells the reader what kind of professor we're talking about. Final tells the reader which exam.

ü  "Fifteen students passed the midterm exam; twelve students passed the final exam." Fifteen and twelve both tell the reader how many students; midterm and final both tell the reader which exam.

So, generally speaking, adjectives answer the following questions:

Which?

What kind of?

How many?

Some Other Rules for Adjectives

Most of the time, adjectives come before nouns. However, some adjectives actually come after the nouns they modify. These adjectives will most often follow a verb from this list:

be

feel

taste

smell

sound

look

appear

seem

Some examples:

 Ø  "The dog is black." Black is an adjective that modifies the noun dog, but it comes after the verb is. (Remember that "is" is a form of the verb "be.") What kind of dog is it? A black dog.

 Ø  "Brian seems sad." Sad describes the noun, Brian, not the verb, seems. Sad answers the question “which way does Brian seem?”

 Ø  "The milk smells rotten." What kind of smell does the milk have? A rotten one.

 Ø  "The speaker sounds hoarse." Hoarse answers the question “which way does the speaker sound?”

 Ø  “The ice-cream looks melted.” Here, melted does not describe the verb looks. It describes the noun ice cream. What kind of ice cream does it look like? Melted ice cream. 

 Ø  “Alex feels sleepy.” What kind of way does Alex feel? Sleepy.

The Basic Rules: Adverbs

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. (You can recognize adverbs easily because many of them are formed by adding -ly to an adjective, though that is not always the case.) The most common question that adverbs answer is how.

Let's look at verbs first.

o   "She sang beautifully." Beautifully is an adverb that modifies sang. It tells the reader how she sang.

o   "The cellist played carelessly." Carelessly is an adverb that modifies played. It tells the reader how the cellist played.

Adverbs also modify adjectives and other adverbs.

o   "That woman is extremely nice." Nice is an adjective that modifies the noun woman. Extremely is an adverb that modifies nice; it tells the reader how nice she is. How nice is she? She's extremely nice.

o   "It was a terribly hot afternoon." Hot is an adjective that modifies the noun afternoon. Terribly is an adverb that modifies the adjective hot. How hot is it? Terribly hot.

Adverbs answer the question how. They can also answer the questions when, where, and why.

§  “She arrived late.” Late describes when she arrived.

§  “They all went there for the party.” There is where they all went to the party.

§  “The swim team practices every morning to develop good habits.” To develop good habits acts as an adverbial infinitive phrase that explains why the swim team practices every morning. Answering the question why usually requires an infinitive phrase.